Estudos e artigos científicos . Scientific studies and articles

Maria Socorro Rosário, Ana Maria Barata, Violeta Lopes
37 ACTAS PORTUGUESAS DE HORTICULTURA
 III COLÓQUIO NACIONAL DE PLANTAS AROMÁTICAS E MEDICINAIS 24 a 26 de março de 2022

As plantas aromáticas medicinais e condimentares (PAM) têm tido um desenvolvimento relativamente evidente na última década, evidenciando a sua posição de fileira. Toda a informação existente, quer do INE, quer do CCPAM mostram essa tendência quer no aumento significativo de áreas quer no número de agricultores envolvidos.Com base em duas fontes de informação, vai-se fazer uma comparação dos valores encontrados no Inquérito feito pelo INIAV-GPP 2021 com os valores provenientes doRA2019 do INE, para características selecionadas e comparáveis.
Utilizou-se a Tipologia Comunitária, para melhor perceber qual a evolução do setor através dos coeficientes de valor produção padrão nestes últimos anos. Deste modo, com base em alguns dados dos Inquéritos referidos, vai-se analisar uma série valores como áreas, explorações, dimensões económicas, orientações técnicas económicas e outras caraterísticas complementares

# Dimensão económica, Orientação Técnica Económica, Tipologia, Características estatísticas, Inquérito

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364293683_Comparacao_entre_os_valores_das_PAM_Inquerito_INIAV-GPP_vs_INE_III_COLOQUIO_NACIONAL_DE_PLANTAS_AROMATICAS_E_MEDICINAIS_24_a_26_de_marco_de_2022

V. Rolim Lopes, Carlos Gaspar, Filomena Rocha, Ana M. Barata, Carmo Serrano, Ana Maria Carvalho, Lúcia Silva, Ana Cristina Figueiredo
37 ACTAS PORTUGUESAS DE HORTICULTURA
III COLÓQUIO NACIONAL DE PLANTAS AROMÁTICAS E MEDICINAIS 24 a 26 de março de 2022

A coleção de Plantas Aromáticas e Medicinais do Banco Português de Germoplasma Vegetal (BPGV, INIAV I.P.) tem 1238 acessos de 73 espécies de 39 géneros botânicos pertencentes a 7 Famílias. A coleção iniciou-se nos anos 90 com as espécies cultivadas e, em 2000 principiou-se a colheita de recursos silvestres. Nos critérios da sua constituição estão 4 conceções iniciais – o que nos indica a etnobotânica, que famílias e géneros botânicos são mais significativos na flora portuguesa e quais têm mais uso pelas comunidades locais, como conservar a variabilidade genética e maximizar a conservação dos atributos e propriedades mais valiosos hoje e no futuro. Entre os géneros conservados, a Lavandula está representada na coleção por 91 acessos, dos quais 26 são de L. stoechas L., 62 de L. pedunculata L, 2 de L. viridis L Hér. e 1 de Lavandula spp. A caracterização morfológica foi o ponto de partida no BPGV, mas estendeu-se a outras vertentes do conhecimento. O estabelecimento de networks permitiu trazer mais valências ao conhecimento sobre a coleção de Lavandula spp. Da coleção 62% está caracterizado através dos descritores morfológicos, estando a de L. stoechas completa. A avaliação fitoquímica determinada nos extratos voláteis e não voláteis foi realizada em cerca de 33% dos acessos de L. pedunculata. Estão avaliados os fitoquímicos de cerca de 35% dos acessos de L. stoechas. A informação está incluída na plataforma Grin-Global e acessíveis os dados de passaporte com o mapeamento geográfico. O objetivo de maximizar a conservação da variabilidade genética, em termos morfológicos e fitoquímicos, das principais espécies de Lavandula da flora portuguesa é o propósito fundamental do BPGV. A análise dos resultados permite aprofundar a taxonomia da coleção, facilita a gestão e a avaliação, e a geo-localização da biodiversidade dos compostos secundários destes recursos naturais.

# Avaliação, Morfologia, Fitoquímicos, Parceiros, Grin-Global

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364294050_Valorizacao_dos_recursos_naturais_conservados_ex_situ_na_colecao_de_Lavandula_spp_III_COLOQUIO_NACIONAL_DE_PLANTAS_AROMATICAS_E_MEDICINAIS_24_a_26_de_marco_de_2022

Silva, S., Barata, J., Lopes, V., Barata, A., Gomes, A., Silva, L., & Luísa Fernando, A. (2022).
KnE Materials Science, 7(1), 72–79.

This study focused on five different subspecies of Portuguese Daucus carota L., to identify the main compounds in the essential oils of umbels from each subspecies. The isolation of the essential oils was performed by hydrodistillation methods followed by further composition analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, ultimately demonstrating that each subspecies had different major compounds. This study concluded that the main compounds found in Daucus carota subsp. maritimus were geranyl acetate, followed by trans-methyl-isoeugenol, α-pinene, cis-asarone and elemicin. Daucus carota subsp. hispidus presented with the major compounds as geranyl acetate, caryophyllene oxide, trans-methyl-isoeugenol and sabinene. For Daucus carota subsp. maximus, the major compounds were cis-asarone, geranyl acetate and elemicin, which was similar to Daucus carota subsp. carota which presented with the major compounds as geranyl acetate, cis-asarone, trans-methylisoeugenol and α-pinene. Finally, the major components of Daucus carota subsp. sativus were carotol and daucol

# essential oils, chemical composition, Daucus carota, hydrodistillation, GC-MS

https://doi.org/10.18502/kms.v7i1.1161

Carmo Serrano, Lillian Barros, Andreia Soares, Carla Pereira, Maria Inês Dias, Maria José Alves, Violeta Lopes, Ana Maria Barata and Noémia Farinha.

Medicinal and aromatic plants represent a healthier alternative to synthetic phenolic compounds, with apositive impact on therapeutic, aromatic and dietetic or gastronomic purposes. The in vitro biologicalactivities of the phenolic compounds are an important parameter to select the most promising extractsfor use in industrial applications. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant, antibacterialand cytotoxicity properties of 17 pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) and 18 lavender (Lavandulapedunculata L.) accessions from the Portuguese flora, conserved in the Portuguese Genebank, in orderto select the accessions with the highest yield and high content of active ingredients for use in thedifferent industrial sectors. The antioxidant activity was determined spectrophotometrically using theFolin-Ciocalteau, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) scavenging methods. To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the extracts, a screening wasmade using a colorimetric assay in different fungi and Gram positive and negative bacterial strains.Moreover, the phenolic profile was assessed by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS. The lavender extracts showed thehighest total phenolic content (TPC), ranging from 79.45 to 242.89 mg GAE.100g-1 (gallic acidequivalents/100g) and the highest antioxidant activity, ranging from 2.40 to 6.55 mmol.100 g-1 (μMFe+2/100g), obtained by the FRAP method, and for DPPH scavenging activity, the minimum inhibitoryconcentration (EC50) ranged from 0.51 to 1.61 mg.mL-1. In general, all the samples revealedantimicrobial activity in some of the tested strains, which can be related to their phenolic composition.The lavender accessions revealed a prevalence of rosmarinic acid, while pennyroyal accessions wherewealthier in quercetin-3-O-rutinoside. The results showed that the methanolic extracts of L. pedunculataL, from the Portuguese flora, can be considered as good sources of natural antioxidants and the extractsof lavender and pennyroyal as sources of antimicrobial compounds that can be used for therapeutic,cosmetic or food purposes.

# Total phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, FRAP, DPPH, antibacterial activity,methanolic extracts

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365183653_BIOLOGICAL_AND_PHYTOCHEMICAL_EVALUATION_OF_METHANOLIC_EXTRACTS_FROM_PENNYROYAL_AND_LAVENDER_SPECIES_OF_THE_PORTUGUESE_FLORA?channel=doi&linkId=6368f26a431b1f53007a7b66&showFulltext=true [accessed Nov 21 2023].

Farinha, N., Churra, M., Paulo, M., Lopes, E., Barata, A., Lopes, V., Figueiredo, A.C., Serrano, C. and Póvoa, O.

(2023). Hortic. 1358, 57-64
DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2023.1358.8

Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander) represents more than 70% of the cultivated area for fresh herb consumption in Portugal. The main goal of this work is to value the traditional germplasm of coriander from south Portugal (Alentejo), through the selection within the landraces with the greatest agronomic potential, for subsequent submission to the Portuguese’s National Catalog of Varieties (NCV). The collection of landraces seeds began in 2000 throughout Alentejo. Morphological variability was observed by germplasm characterization, as well as higher vegetative plant biomass production of some landraces. The selection program started in 2015. The goal was to reduce the variability within each landrace in selection, and obtain plants with high production of basal leaves, high fruit production per plant and large fruit size. Between 2019 and 2021, more than 250 segregation lines, belonging to six landraces, have been tested and selected, annually. The descriptors were: basal leaf density, flowering date, anthocyanin stem pigmentation, plant height, fruit weight per plant and fruit size. An evolution toward plants with greater density of foliage and larger fruits was achieved. The contribution to the improvement of coriander traditional use was achieved with a consistent increase in foliage density and high uniformity of each landrace: coefficient of variation (CV%) below 10% in the last year. The contribution for the fruit industrial use was done by a consistent increase in fruit size, although a considerable variability remains (coefficient of variation between 19.8 and 28.7% within each landrace). In December 2021, 3 lines were proposed to the NCV, from CS1, CS28 and CS32P landraces. The future breeding program will use dynamic selection criteria, suited to the purpose for which the variety is intended: leaf production, fruit yield or essential oil content and composition.

# coriander, selection criteria, morphological-characterization, leaf production, fruit production

https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2023.1358.8

Póvoa, O.; Lopes, V.; Barata, A.M.; Farinha, N.
Plants 2023, 12, 2588.

The main goal of this work was to study the genetic erosion risk of plants with aromatic, medicinal and gastronomic applications in Portugal, particularly in the Alentejo region. The target species were coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), hart’s pennyroyal (Mentha cervina L.) and pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.). The methodology involved direct observations and surveys (2002/2003 and 2011). The GE formula applied in Hammer’s studies was used to estimate genetic erosion. The main factors causing genetic erosion were the primary drivers of biodiversity loss: habitat loss, invasive species, and overexploitation influenced by human intervention such as the clearing of watercourses, vegetation control, grazing and desertification. The results indicate a reduction in individuals per species in Alentejo, with a net erosion loss of 11% for M. pulegium, 32% for M. cervina and 33% for C. sativum. The overall loss of accessions (genetic erosion risk) was higher in cultivated accessions (33%) than in wild accessions (11%), with an annual genetic erosion rate of 3.7% and 1.2%, respectively. The annual risk of genetic erosion for M. pulegium accessions collected in a natural habitat was 0.6%, which is much lower than the 3.7% for M. cervina. These results consolidate the importance of collecting and conserving genetic resources.

# ethnobotany; genetic diversity; germplasm collection; plant populations; sampling; traditional ecological knowledge

 https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142588 

Machado, A.M.; Lopes, V.; Barata, A.M.; Póvoa, O.; Farinha, N.; Figueiredo, A.C.

Coriandrum sativum L. and Foeniculum vulgare Mill. are two aromatic and medicinal Apiaceae species commonly grown in Portugal, whose essential oils (EOs) are used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. The present study evaluated EOs isolated from the fruits and vegetative aerial parts (VAPs) of 11 samples of Coriandrum sativum L. and from the fruits of 19 samples of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. The plant material was grown in experimental fields, after collection from several regions of mainland Portugal. The EOs were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The coriander EOs analysis evidenced two main clusters, with the first containing the fruits’ EOs dominated by linalool (60–73%), γ-terpinene, and α-pinene and the second with the VAPs’ EOs, which showed 2-trans-decenal (37–63%) and n-decanal (13–30%) as the main compounds. The fennel EOs analysis revealed two well correlated clusters, the first dominated by estragole (34–76%) and fenchone (16–30%) and the other dominated by trans-anethole (37–56%) and fenchone (14–34%). The present data suggest coriander EOs’ chemical descriptors as linalool for the fruits’ EOs and 2-trans-decenal with n-decanal for the VAPs’ EOs. For the fennel fruit EOs, the putative descriptors were trans-anethole and estragole, with variable fenchone content. The gathered data reinforce the relevance of clarifying variability of these species’ EOs, particularly when considering aromatic and medicinal plants with such a wide range of applications.

# Portuguese medicinal and aromatic plants; Apiaceae; essential oil composition; clusteranalysis; chemotypes; chemical descriptors

https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142749

Rui Lopes, Fernanda Delgado,Conceição Marçal, Eduardo Miguel
Ed Livros do CORVO, ISBN 978-989-99498-5-0. Julho 2023.

Este manual de aromas, saberes e sabores propõe uma série de receitas que serviram de base a diversas oficinais gastronómicas, as quais se inspiram na cozinha tradicional da região tirando proveito de produtos endógenos como as plantas aromáticas e medicinais, a que se acrescentam novos ingredientes e técnicas, sem esquecer as infusões e os bolos, bolachas ou doces que as acompanham. As Plantas aromáticas e condimentares utilizadas e produzidas em Proença a Nova são descritas e comentadas.
Tendo como parceiros o Município de Proença-a-Nova, o Centro Ciência Viva da Floresta ou a Escola Superior Agrária de Castelo Branco – ESACB – Institucional do IPCB, o projeto centra-se quer na sementeira, estacaria e cultivo em modo de produção biológica, quer na recolha, secagem e embalamento de plantas aromáticas e medicinais, comercializadas através da marca É Capaz.
O livro da Editora Livros do Corvo- 2023 Ao Pé Das Letras, encontra-se à venda nas livrarias nacionais e no Centro de Ciência Viva da Floresta, em Proença-a-Nova.

# Plantas aromáticas e condimentares,  integração social, infusões, culinária,

https://www.ccvfloresta.com/

Frazão, David F., Gomes, Carlos Martins, Steck, Jan L., Keller, Judith, Delgado, F.M.G., Gonçalves, J. C., Bunzel, Mirko

Labdanum resin from Cistus ladanifer L. (Cistaceae) is an abundant natural resource in the Iberian Peninsula worth being explored in a sustainable manner. It is already used in the cosmetic industry; mainly by the fragrances/perfumery sector. However, given the highest market share and traditional uses, labdanum resin also has the potential to be used and valued as a cosmetic ingredient for skincare. Aiming to evaluate this potential, labdanum methanolic absolute and fractions purified by column chromatography were characterized by UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS and then evaluated for UVprotection, antioxidant, anti-elastase, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Labdanum absolute represented ~70% of the resin; diterpenoid and flavonoid fractions represented ~75% and 15% of the absolute, respectively. Labdane-type diterpenoids and methylated flavonoids were the main compounds in labdanum absolute and in diterpenoid and flavonoid fractions, respectively. Labdanum absolute showed a spectrophotometric sun protection factor (SPF) near 5, which is mainly due to flavonoids, as the flavonoids’ SPF was 13. Low antioxidant activity was observed, with ABTS radical scavenging being the most significant (0.142 ± 0.017, 0.379 ± 0.039 and 0.010 ± 0.003 mgTE/mgExt, for the absolute and flavonoid and terpene fractions, respectively). Anti-aging and anti-inflammatory activity are reported here for the first time, by the inhibition of elastase activity (22% and 13%, by absolute and flavonoid extract at 1 mg/mL), and by the inhibition of nitric oxide production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells (84% to 98%, at 15 µg/mL extracts, flavonoid fraction the most active), respectively. Antimicrobial activity, against relevant skin and cosmetic product microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Escherichia coli, revealed that only S. aureus was susceptible to labdanum absolute (MIC: 1.2 mg/mL) and its fractions (MIC: <0.3 mg/mL). In conclusion, labdanum resin showed potential to be used in sunscreen cosmetics, anti-inflammatory skincare cosmeceuticals or medicines but has low potential as a cosmetic product preservative given the low antioxidant and low-spectrum antimicrobial activities.

# Cistus landanifer L., Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Diterpene, Flavonoid, Sunscreen effect, Rockrose

 https://repositorio.ipcb.pt/handle/10400.11/8154 

David Franco Frazão, Celina Barroca, Amélia M Silva, Fernanda Delgado, José Carlos Gonçalves*

Cistus ladanifer L. exudes a phenolic and terpenoid resin with interesting bioactive and aromatic properties. Despite its high abundance in the wild, this plant can be cultivated to advantage on oligotrophicand trace-elements contaminated soils. Plant tissue culture may be used to produce specific metabolitesor for clonal propagation of specific genotypes for plantation. From a biotechnological perspective thisis the second study that has attempted in vitro propagation of C. ladanifer from adult plant material.
Its goal was to evaluate the potential of leaf and internodal stem explants from C. ladanifer for in vitro tissue culture. Three plant growth regulators were tested: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D),6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), and 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). From both explants, shoots were regenerated under the influence of BAP (38%) and two types of compact calli were induced: dark green calli were induced under the influence of BAP (above 70%) and light green calli were induced under the influence of 2,4-D with or without BAP (100%). Light green calli grew between 558 and 708% during subsequent subcultures and showed rhizogenic capacity when the amounts of BAP were lower than of 2.4-D, but they showed low potential for shoot organogenesis. Dark green calli were associated with shoot organogenesis. The suitability of the two calli lines to produce metabolites and their transposition to liquid cultures is worth further study in comparison to organ in vitro cultures.

# Callogenesis; Callus Histology; Cistaceae; In Vitro propagation; Organogenesis; Rockrose

Link: JBB.MS.ID.000587. 4(3).2022

Frazão, D. F., Paulo, L., Peres, F., Resende, M., Santo, C. E., Barroca, C., … & Delgado, F.

Cistus ladanifer is a persistent, abundant and widespread underexplored resource in the Iberian Peninsula. The seeds have been used as food for centuries, although their nutritional value and potential as food ingredients have not been exploited until now. In this study seeds from natural shrubland were collected three times during summer for two consecutive years. Analytical evaluation of the macronutrient content, fatty acids, and mineral composition was performed. Regarding the macronutrients, seeds showed a carbohydrate content of 46.1 ± 1.6%, a fibre content of 20.9 ± 1.4%, a protein content of 16.2 ± 0.4%, a lipid content of 13.0 ± 1.1%, and an ash content of 3.87 ± 0.16%. The fatty acids were found to be mostly unsaturated (74.05 ± 0.59%). Potassium was the most abundant mineral (975 ± 53 mg/100 g) followed by phosphorous, magnesium and calcium. In conclusion, several nutrient-related label claims may be used for C. ladanifer seeds as food ingredient. Compared to common cereals, nuts and seeds, C. ladanifer seeds are close to flax and chia seeds in relation to nutritional composition, and to pine nuts in relation to mineral composition.

# Cistaceae, Fatty acids, Nutrients, Minerals, Rockrose

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104503

Celso Afonso Ferraz a,b, Ana Catarina A. Sousa b,c,d,*, D´ebora Caramelo e, Fernanda Delgado e,f,g, Ana Palmeira de Oliveira a,h, M. Ramiro Pastorinho b,i

a Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS), University of Beira Interior, Covilh˜a, Portugal
b NuESA-Health and Environment Study Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilh˜a, Portugal
c Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of ´Evora, ´Evora, Portugal
d Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of ´Evora, ´Evora, Portugal
e Plant Biotechnology Center of Beira Interior (CBPBI), Castelo Branco, Portugal
f Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco-School of Agriculture (IPCB-ESA), Castelo Branco, Portugal
g Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS-IPCB), Instituto Polit´ecnico de Castelo Branco, Portugal
h Labfit–Health Products Research and Development Lda, UBImedical, Covilh˜a, Portugal
i Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development, University of ´Evora, ´Evora, Portugal  

The demand for natural-based products for industrial applications is increasing sharply and therefore the search for new alternatives to the plants traditionally used is growing. These alternative plants can be an important source of bioactive compounds under a circular economy approach. Considering the potential future use of new plant products by the industry, it is necessary to assess the risk associated with their introduction into the ecosystem. This work aims to provide an insight into the volatile profiles and evaluate the potential (eco)toxic effects of essential oils (EO’s) and hydrolates of four plant species, namely rockrose (Cistus ladanifer), curry plant (Helichrysum italicum), conehead thyme (Thymbra capitata) and basil (Ocimum basilicum). Chemical analysis were performed by GC-MS and acute toxicity tests were performed using the model organism Daphnia magna. The essential oil and the hydrolate from H. italicum, as well as all the other hydrolates caused no immobilization up to the highest concentrations tested, suggesting that all hydrolates present low to no risk towards D. magna.
Similarly, the essential oil of H. italicum, presented negligible risk towards D. magna. For C. ladanifer and T. capitata essential oils, the EC50 (the concentration estimated to immobilize 50 per cent of the Daphnia) at 48 h varied between 199.7 mg/L and 12.1 mg/L, respectively. The essential oil from C. ladanifer was mainly characterised by monoterpene hydrocarbons, while the H. italicum was richer in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Both essential oil and hydrolate from T. capitata contained exclusively monoterpene hydrocarbons with a particularly high content of carvacrol. The higher acute toxicity of T. capitata essential oil can be attributed to the high amount of carvacrol present in the distillate. Overall, of the essential oils and hydrolates tested, all can be
classified as practically non-toxic, except for T. capitata essential oil that, according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) of the United Nations, can be classified as moderately toxic.

# Aromatic plants Bioactive compounds Ecotoxicity Invertebrates Acute toxicity Daphnia magna

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114232

Joana Domingues1,2, Fernanda Delgado1,3,4, José Carlos Gonçalves1,3,4 and Cristina Santos Pintado1,3,4

1. CBPBI-Plant Biotechnology Centre of Beira Interior, Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, Apartado 119, 6001-909, Castelo Branco, Portugal
2. CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
3. IPCB-ESA-Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Escola Superior Agrária, Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, Apartado 119, 6001-909, Castelo Branco, Portugal
4. CERNAS-IPCB-Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Portugal. 

L. stoechas subsp. luisieri is one of the five spontaneous species of the genus Lavandula that occurs spontaneously in Portugal. The chemical profile and antifungal activity of L. stoechas subsp. luisieri essential oils were investigated. The essential oil of two phenological stages was isolated by hydrodistillation and their chemical components analyzed by GC-FID/GC-MS. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of both essential oils were determinate to verify antifungal activity against different strains of fungi isolated from strawberry tree. The fungi tested were Aspergillus carbonarius, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium brevicompactum, Aureobasidium pullulans and Saccothecium rubi. Essential oils were characterized by a high percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes (46-64%) such as trans-α-necrodyl acetate (12.58%), fenchone (5.97%), 1,8-cineole (4.84%) and 5-methylene-2,3,4,4-tetramethylcyclopenten-2-enone (10.97%) were the major compounds in essential oil from dormancy stage, while the main compounds in flowering stage were trans-α-necrodyl acetate (26.90%), trans-α-necrodol (13.02%), lavandulyl acetate (6.53%) and linalool (5.82%). A strong antifungal activity of the essential oils was found against all strains, with MIC and MFC values ranged from 0.07-0.29 μL/mL and 0.58-9.33 μL/mL, respectively. 

# Portuguese short-stalked lavender, Hydrodistillation, Gas Chromatography, Chemical characterization, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Minimum fungicidal concentration.

 https://doi.org/10.17265/2328-2150/2021.03.002

Domingues, J.; Goulão, M.; Delgado, F.; Gonçalves, J.C.; Gonçalves, J.; Pintado, C.S. 

Chemical investigations of L. stoechas subsp. luisieri and L. pedunculata essential oils were analyzed by GC-MS, and the antimicrobial activity was performed against bacteria and fungi isolated
from food sources. The cytotoxicity of the essential oil was performed in NHDF cells using the MTT method. According to the results, the main compounds of L. stoechas subsp. luisieri essential
oil were trans--necrodyl acetate (40.2%), lavandulyl acetate (11%), and trans--necrodol (10.4%), while fenchone (50.5%) and camphor (30.0%) in L. pedunculata essential oil. The antifungal activity of essential oils was confirmed with MIC values ranging from 1.2 to 18.7 L/mL; for bacteria, it ranged from 4.7 to 149.3 L/mL. Both the Lavandula species tested showed low or equal MIC and MBC/MFC values for L. stoechas subsp. luisieri essential oil, revealing greater efficacy in antimicrobial activity. The L. stoechas subsp. luisieri essential oil revealed cytotoxic effects (30  2% of cell viability) in NHDF cells at all concentrations tested.

# L. stoechas subsp. luisieri; L. pedunculata; chemical profile; antimicrobial activity; cytotoxicity

  https:// doi.org/10.3390/pr11041165

Domingues, J.; Delgado, F.; Gonçalves, J.C.; Zuzarte, M.; Duarte, A.P. 

Globally, climate change and wildfires are disrupting natural ecosystems, thus setting several endemic species at risk. The genus Lavandula is widely present in the Mediterranean region and its species, namely, those included in the section Stoechas, are valuable resources of active compounds with several biological assets. Since ancient times lavenders have been used in traditional medicine and for domestic purposes. These species are melliferous, decorative, and essential oilproducing plants with a high economic interest in the pharmaceutical, flavor, fragrance, and food industries. The essential oils of Lavandula section Stoechas are characterized by high amounts of 1,8-cineole, camphor, fenchone, and specifically for L. stoechas subsp. luisieri one of the major compounds is trans-necrodyl acetate. On the other hand, the diversity of non-volatile components like phenolic compounds, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, make these species an important source of phytochemicals with pharmacological interest. Rosmarinic, caffeic, and salvianolic B acids are the major phenolic acids, and luteolin and eriodictyol-O-glucuronide are the main reported flavonoids. However, the concentration of these secondary metabolites is strongly affected by the plant’s phenological phase and varies in Lavandula sp. from different areas of origin. Indeed, lavender extracts have shown promising antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties as well as several other beneficial actions with potential for commercial applications. Despite several studies on the bioactive potential of lavenders from the section Stoechas, a systematized and updated review of their chemical profile is lacking. Therefore, we carried out the present review that gathers relevant information on the different types of secondary metabolites found in these species as well as their bioactive potential..

# Lavandula pedunculata; Lavandula stoechas subsp. luisieri; Lavandula stoechas subsp. stoechas; Lavandula viridis; chemical profile; biological activities

https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13030337

Frazão, D.F.; Gonçalves, J.C.; Silva, A.M.; Delgado, F. 

Cistus ladanifer L. (Cistaceae) occupies extensive areas as a dominant species (shrublands) or is associated to other major forest typologies in the Iberian Peninsula. Cistus ladanifer shrublands are mostly present in oligotrophic lands with little valorisation andmanagement and as they develop over the years (up to 20-years-old) they promote the ignition and perpetuation of fire. To contribute to the proper management and valorisation of such systems, a 5-year-old dense shrubland was evaluated for its labdanumresin, seeds, and biomass productivity using different non-destructive harvest periodicities (annual and biennial) and seasons (early,mid-, and late summer), in a two-year case-study. Annual harvest modality maximized labdanum resin productivity (reaching 230  50 kg
ha􀀀1
2 years􀀀1 at late summer) and photosynthetic biomass productivity. In contrast, a biennial harvest yielded significant amounts of more diversified products. It maximized seeds productivity (reaching 75  41 kg
ha􀀀1
2 years􀀀1 independently of the summer season) and lignified biomass. However, it also reached a labdanum resin productivity of 134  20 kg
ha􀀀1
2 yearrs􀀀1 at late summer and a photosynthetic biomass productivity around two times lower than the annual harvest. In this study, we propose two modalities of periodic harvest to be considered as proper long cycle management practices of rockrose lands. It intends to minimize fire risks, break the vegetation auto-succession mechanism, and increase profit from nonproductive  lands based on three direct outputs with a myriad of applications and valorisation pathways.

# Cistaceae; labdanum; photosynthetic biomass; productivity; seeds

https://doi.org/10.3390/f14030638

Celso Afonso Ferraz a,b, Ana Catarina A. Sousa b,c,d,*, D´ebora Caramelo e, Fernanda Delgado e,f,g Ana Palmeira de Oliveira a,h, M. Ramiro Pastorinho b,i

a Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS), University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal; b NuESA-Health and Environment Study Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal; c Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Evora, Evora, Portugal; d Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Evora, Evora,´ Portugal; e Plant Biotechnology Center of Beira Interior (CBPBI), Castelo Branco, Portugal;  f Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco-School of Agriculture (IPCB-ESA), Castelo Branco, Portugal;  g Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS-IPCB), Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Portugal; h Labfit–Health Products Research and Development Lda, UBImedical, Covilha, Portugal; i Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development, University of Evora, Evora, Portugal

The demand for natural-based products for industrial applications is increasing sharply and therefore the search for new alternatives to the plants traditionally used is growing. These alternative plants can be an important source of bioactive compounds under a circular economy approach. Considering the potential future use of new plant products by the industry, it is necessary to assess the risk associated with their introduction into the ecosystem. This work aims to provide an insight into the volatile profiles and evaluate the potential (eco)toxic effects of essential oils (EO’s) and hydrolates of four plant species, namely rockrose (Cistus ladanifer), curry plant (Helichrysum italicum), conehead thyme (Thymbra capitata) and basil (Ocimum basilicum). Chemical analysis were performed by GC-MS and acute toxicity tests were performed using the model organism Daphnia magna. The essential oil and the hydrolate from H. italicum, as well as all the other hydrolates caused no immobilization up to the highest concentrations tested, suggesting that all hydrolates present low to no risk towards D. magna.
Similarly, the essential oil of H. italicum, presented negligible risk towards D. magna. For C. ladanifer and T. capitata essential oils, the EC50 (the concentration estimated to immobilize 50 per cent of the Daphnia) at 48 h varied between 199.7 mg/L and 12.1 mg/L, respectively. The essential oil from C. ladanifer was mainly characterised by monoterpene hydrocarbons, while the H. italicum was richer in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Both essential oil and hydrolate from T. capitata contained exclusively monoterpene hydrocarbons with a particularlyhigh content of carvacrol. The higher acute toxicity of T. capitata essential oil can be attributed to the high amount of carvacrol present in the distillate. Overall, of the essential oils and hydrolates tested, all can be
classified as practically non-toxic, except for T. capitata essential oil that, according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) of the United Nations, can be classified as moderately toxic.

# Aromatic plants; Bioactive compounds; Ecotoxicity; Invertebrates; Acute toxicity; Daphnia magna

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0926669021009973?via%3Dihub

Joana Domingues1,2, Fernanda Delgado1,3,4, José Carlos Gonçalves1,3,4 and Cristina Santos Pintado1,3,4
1. CBPBI-Plant Biotechnology Centre of Beira Interior, Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, Apartado 119, 6001-909, Castelo Branco, Portugal
2. CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
3. IPCB-ESA-Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Escola Superior Agrária, Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, Apartado 119, 6001-909, Castelo Branco, Portugal
4. CERNAS-IPCB-Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Portugal

L. stoechas subsp. luisieri is one of the five spontaneous species of the genus Lavandula that occurs spontaneously in Portugal. The chemical profile and antifungal activity of L. stoechas subsp. luisieri essential oils were investigated. The essential oil of two phenological stages was isolated by hydrodistillation and their chemical components analyzed by GC-FID/GC-MS. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of both essential oils were determinate to verify antifungal activity against different strains of fungi isolated from strawberry tree. The fungi tested were Aspergillus carbonarius, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium brevicompactum, Aureobasidium pullulans and Saccothecium rubi. Essential oils were characterized by a high percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes (46-64%) such as trans-α-necrodyl acetate (12.58%), fenchone (5.97%), 1,8-cineole (4.84%) and 5-methylene-2,3,4,4-tetramethylcyclopenten-2-enone (10.97%) were the major compounds in essential oil from dormancy stage, while the main compounds in flowering stage were trans-α-necrodyl acetate (26.90%), trans-α-necrodol (13.02%), lavandulyl acetate (6.53%) and linalool (5.82%). A strong antifungal activity of the essential oils was found against all strains, with MIC and MFC values ranged from 0.07-0.29 µL/mL and 0.58-9.33 µL/mL, respectively.

# Portuguese short-stalked lavender, Hydrodistillation, Gas Chromatography, Chemical characterization, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Minimum fungicidal concentration.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3807058 

Alda PS Oliveira1, Marta Geraldes, Ana Díaz-Lanza,   Ilona Kovacs, M Céu Costa

Biomed Biopharm Res. , 2017; (14) 1: , 60-74

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de averiguar a adesão de médicos de Medicina Familiar à terapia com plantas medicinais e os constrangimentos subjacentes à aceitação do seu valor terapêutico e sua utilização na prática clínica. Foi realizado um estudo exploratório observacional-transversal, através da aplicação de questionário a médicos do SistemaNacional de Saúde, na Grande Lisboa.
Obtiveram-se um total de 80 questionários válidos. As idades foram compreendidas dos 29 aos 64 anos (M±DP: 51,85 ± 9,95), 71,4% do género feminino, 52,6% com mais de 30 anos de prática clinica. Constatou-se desconhecimento geral sobre a legislação de fitoterapia. Verificou-se que da amostra de médicos inquiridos, 33,8% nunca e 28,85% poucas vezes, recomendou/ prescreveu qualquer tipo de terapia à base de plantas. Do mesmo modo na utilização própria (61,25% referiu que nunca e 21,08% poucas vezes utilizou medicamentos à base de plantas para si próprio e, quando o fez, fê-lo por automedicação).
Há uma adesão fraca à utilização de terapia baseada em plantas medicinais pelos médicos. A esta fraca utilização está subjacente não tanto a rejeição desta abordagem terapêutica, mas sobretudo, a carência de formação tanto sobre medicamentos à base de plantas medicinais como sobre aspetos legislativos. A necessidade de informação é revelada pelos médicos. A educação em fitoterapia pode prevenir a utilização inapropriada e riscos ligados a interações medicamentosas, ao mesmo tempo considerando as preferências percebidas do utente e favorecendo uma saudável relação clínica.

# Plantas Aromáticas e Medicinis, Medicamento à base de plantas, Fitoterapia; Medicina familiar; Educação médica; Medicamento tradicional, Medicamento à base de plantas

http://www.alies.pt/BBR%20Editions/Vol-14-1-2017/art6.pdf

EIP-AGRI Focus Group Plant-based medicinal and cosmetic products. FINAL REPORT. JULY 2020

‘Como criar oportunidades de diversificação para os agricultores por meio de cadeias de valor inovadoras de produtos medicinais e cosméticos à base de plantas?’
Nas últimas décadas, a crescente preocupação com aditivos sintéticos potencialmente prejudiciais (tanto por causa dos efeitos colaterais relatados quanto devido a preocupações econômicas), resultou em uma realocação das preferências dos consumidores para o uso de recursos naturais como ingredientes funcionais para produtos farmacêuticos, alimentícios e indústrias de bebidas, cosméticas e agroquímicas. Isso incluiu uma mudança em direção ao uso de Plantas Medicinais e Aromáticas (MAPs), seus extratos e óleos essenciais. Atualmente, há um interesse crescente em extratos à base de plantas, onde as indústrias de uso final procuram bioativos naturais eficazes, seguros e econômicos com modos de ação claramente definidos e benefícios comprovados. O mercado global de produtos botânicos continua a crescer e foi avaliado em $ 108 bilhões em 2015, com medicamentos fitoterápicos representando 48% disso, cosméticos 17% e suplementos e alimentos funcionais 35%

# Plantas Aromáticas e Medicinis, Medicamento à base de plantas, Fitoterapia; Medicina familiar; Educação médica; Medicamento tradicional, Medicamento à base de plantas

https://ec.europa.eu/eip/agriculture/en/event/eip-agri-focus-group-plant-based-medicinal-and

Alda Pereira da Silva, Marta Geraldes, Ana M.Díaz-Lanza, Ilona Kovacs, M Céu Costa. Phytomedicine, 2018, ISSN 0944-7113

Num estudo publicado em 2018 foi foi constatada baixa adesão aos medicamentos à base de plantas e pouco conhecimento sobre plantas aromáticas e medicinais quer nos medicamentos quer em suplementos alimentares à base de plantas pelos médicos de medicina geral e familiar, evidenciando a necessidade de conhecimentos específicos em Fitoterapia e seu enquadramento regulatório. Esse conhecimento possibilitará melhor comunicação entre o médico e o utente, com informação sobre o grau de eficácia e a segurança, e permitirá a avaliação das interações planta-fármaco e dos efeitos adversos dos medicamentos e outros produtos à base de plantas,  pelos médicos, justificando a integração de conteúdos programáticos sobre plantas medicinais  na Educação Médica.

# Plantas aromáticas e mediciais, Medicina familiar, Pitomedicina, Fitoterapia, Medicamentos tradicionais à base de plantas, Educação médica

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.040

FAO and Non-Timber Forest Products-Exchange Programme. 2020. Link: ISBN 978-92-5-132398-4 [FAO]
(www.fao.org/publications)

Diz-se que “existe uma planta para cada uso em cada continente” – isso é verdade para o uso cosmético tb. O uso de produtos florestais não madeireiros (NWFP) para produtos de beleza se estende até a antiguidade, que se reflete na poesia e na literatura de vários países. Cosméticos baseados em NWFP e produtos de beleza têm sido usados ​​como preparações tradicionais e para comércio em vários países asiáticos e países do Pacífico. Este relatório cobre seus usos tradicionais e aqueles que foram comercializados por empresas locais ou grandes marcas.
O mercado global de beleza atingiu US $ 465 bilhões em 2014, segundo o Euromonitor Estudo da International em 2015.
O uso de extratos vegetais na gama de cosméticos está aumentando, principalmente devido ao aumento do interesse no uso de produtos naturais em oposição aos sintéticos alternativas. Os produtos à base de plantas são escolhas cada vez mais populares nos mercados modernos.
Vários cremes faciais, sabonetes, géis de banho e óleos (incluindo aqueles usados ​​para massagem, crescimento de cabelo e assim adiante) dependem cada vez mais de produtos naturais das florestas. Um exemplo clássico é aloe vera, que é amplamente utilizado na preparação de diferentes produtos. Neem (Azadirachta indica) e o óleo de sândalo (derivado de Santalum spp.) é amplamente utilizado em sabonetes e géis de banho.
Durante a última década, aproximadamente, a extensão dos ingredientes naturais usados ​​pela indústria de cosméticos aumentou, mas não há uma publicação abrangente sobre produtos de beleza com base na floresta produtos, embora existam informações dispersas. Ao chamar a atenção para o papel das florestas no fornecimento de produtos de beleza e as conexões com a segurança de subsistência e utilização de NWFPs, a consciência da importância das florestas e sua conexão com os cosméticos será criado.
Nesse contexto, a FAO e os Produtos Florestais Não Madeireiros – Programa de Intercâmbio (PFNM-EP) Ásia realizou esta avaliação regional de PFNMs relacionados aos cosméticos e setor de fragrâncias. O estudo compilou um conjunto de estudos de caso que examinou NWFPs específicos e os vários contextos tradicionais em que são coletados, processados ​​e comercializados. O
principal objetivo deste volume é apresentar os estudos de caso e a síntese emergente, enquanto encorajando discussões intersetoriais na Ásia sobre florestas e produtos de beleza. O estudo também fornece recomendações sobre como melhorar ainda mais os arranjos equitativos entre florestas comunidades e participantes da indústria.  
Este volume cobre espécies de plantas de nove países da Ásia e do Pacífico. O caso os estudos tentam cobrir todos os cenários existentes na região, como os PFNMs usados ​​apenas localmente; aqueles que têm valor de conservação; aqueles que são populares comercialmente; e aqueles que são cultivados. Devido ao nosso interesse especial, colocamos ênfase em comunidades baseadas iniciativas e empresas.

# beleza, cosmética, produtos naturais, produtos “green”

https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8590en

Eva Moré and Saadet Tuğrul Aynido. March 2017. Edition Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia and Yaşama Dair Vakıf

1. Introdução 6
2. Da coleta silvestre ao cultivo: principais características do abastecimento de MAPs 7
3. Da matéria-prima ao produto final: cultivo e processamento 15
4. Da coleta sustentável à boa agricultura e manufatura 48
práticas: meio ambiente e qualidade
5. Do atacado ao varejo: modelos de marketing e casos de estudo 52
6. Fichas de informações sobre culturas: principais espécies comercializáveis na Turquia. 80
eu. Origanum spp. (O.onites; O.minutiflorum e) 85
ii. Salvia fruticosa Mill. 97
iii. Sideritis spp. 105
4. Nigella sativa L. 115
v. Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata L. 123
vi. Origanum vulgare L. (subsp. Vulgare e virens) 131
vii. Salvia officinalis L. 141
viii. Lavandula sp. (L. angustifola, L. latifolia, L. x intermedia) 151
ix. Mentha x piperita L. 165
x. Rosmarinus officinalis L. 177

# TRUMAP: MELHORES PRÁTICAS PARA CULTIVO DE MEDICINAIS E AROMÁTICOS

https://trumap.ctfc.cat/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/A1.-Diagnosis-of-MAPs-sector_TRUMAP-2.pdf